INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT

INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY 

AND ENVIRONMENT

Few topics in social science have produced more controversy than the main relative influences of our nature and intelligence. Is intelligence determined primarily by heredity or by one’s environment?

          This issue has come with intense debate because of differences in view of genetic intelligence leading to different social and political implications. The strictest adherence of a genetic view of intelligence believe that all of us are born with a fixed amount of intelligence and they argue that there is little one can do to improve intelligence. Therefore educationalist programs must not be expected to produce increases in IQ, on the other hand, those who see intelligence as determined mostly by mellifluous (environment) factors sees early intervention programs as critical to compensate skills, for the effect of poverty and other disadvantages. In their view, these programs come to help create equal opportunities for all people. The most controversial issue surrounding intelligence has been the assertion by some people that genetic factors are responsible not only for difference in IQ between individuals But also for difference between groups. In the fact’s or Punic view, what counts is factors that account for the poorer average performance of certain racial and ethnic groups.

          Today almost all scientist, paleontologists and philosopher agree that intelligence mostly arises from the influence of both genetic and environmental factors. Careful study is required in order to attribute any influence to either environments or hereditary. One measure commonly used to access a child development furthermore, parents may buy more books in response to their children’s development and they genetically influence people who are around them.

                                        GENETIC INFLUENCE

In behavioral genetics is for a trait which refers to the proportion of the trait variation within a population that is attributable to genetic, but the heredity of intelligence within is usually defined as “the proportion of the variation in IQ in scores”.

          Therefore in accordance human social behaviors develops under the influence of genetics, environmental and cultural factors but what oppresses us is our social cognition which comprises our abilities to understand and respond appropriately to other people’s social approaches or response.

          Analysis of such system is generally statistical with a central theme being the attribution of proportions of the measured PROTOTYPICAL VARIABILITY into two broad categories which are additive or non additive genetic effects.

          In relation to traditional family, twin and adoption studies show that child and adolescents psychiatric disorder are familiar and genetically influenced. Genes and environment contributes to all disorders. Genetic factors seem especially important for autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. There is now a large body of evidence that supports the conclusion that individual difference in most, if not all, reliably measured psychological traits, normal and abnormal.  This is substantively influence by adoption studies.

Evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence comes from the following observations:

• Family studies show that intelligence tends to run in families.
• Twin studies show a higher correlation between identical twins in IQ than between fraternal twins. This holds true even when identical twins reared apart are compared to fraternal twins reared together.
• Adoption studies show that adopted children somewhat resembles their biological parents in intelligence.

Heritability of Intelligence

Heritability is a mathematical estimate that indicates how much of a trait’s variation in a population can be attributed to genes. Estimates of the heritability of intelligence vary, depending on the methods used. Most researchers believe that heritability of intelligence is between 60 percent and 80 percent.

Heritability estimates apply only to groups on which the estimates are based. So far, heretability estimates have been based mostly on studies using white, middle-class subjects. Even if heritability of IQ is high, heredity does not necessarily account for differences between groups.

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE

Genetics influence account for 40-90 percent of the variation intelligence. However, the environment influence accounts 20-60 percent of the total variation. Environmental factors comprise all stimuli a person encounters from conception to death, including feeding, cultural, informational, educational and social experience. Though it is known that environmental factors can be potent forces in shaping intelligence, it is not understandable especially how scientist contribute to intelligence in real fact. In this modern life we have identified through presumption that environmental variable that has direct UN-ambiguous effects on intelligence. Many of this environmental variables have been tested to have small effects and they differ on the effects on each person, making all these difficult to identify.

          Educational system is also an important factor that affects intelligence. Children who do not attend school or who attend intermittently, score poorly on IQ test than those who attend regularly, children who move from low-quality schools to high-quality schools tend to show improvements in IQ. Schools teach problems solving, abstract thinking and how to sustain attention.

We have investigated whether early intervention programs can prevent the lowered intelligence that may result from poverty or other disadvantageous environments.

SEX DIFFERENCES

Are women smarter than the men? Psychologists and paleontology have studied sex difference in intelligence, since the beginning of intelligence testing, the question is very complicated, though one problem is that test makers sometimes eliminate questions that show difference between males and females to eliminate Class from the test intelligence texts, therefore many do not show gender differences because they tend to be small

          There appear to be a substantial difference between men and women they are hard to detect because the distribution of IQ scores is slightly different for men than women. Men tend to be heavily represented at the extremes of the IQ distribution. Men are affected by mental retardation more frequently than woman although there are no difference in overall IQ text performance between men and women, the do seem to be difference in some specialisms abilities Men on average. Perform better on text of spatial ability than woman. Spatial ability is the ability to visualize spatial relationships and to mentally manipulate objects. But the reason for this difference is unknown. Some psychology speculate that spatial ability enfolded more in men because men are historical hunters and Required spatial ability to tack things, and the extra brain volume in male tend to be devoted to spatial abilities.